Hybrid electric vehicle Essay

Micro Environment factors. – LearnMarketing. net www. learnmarketing. net/microenvironment. htm This article looks at the factors which make up a firm’s micro environment. There are also links to articles on the macro environment and internal environment †¦ Six Microenvironmental Factors That Affect Businesses †¦ yourbusiness. azcentral. com/six-microenvironmental-factors-affect-busin†¦ You face six microenvironmental factors in your business activities, each made up of a self-contained microenvironment that stands alone but interacts with the †¦ Six Microenvironmental Factors That Affect Businesses †¦ smallbusiness. chron. com †º †¦ †º Effective Customer Service In economics, macroeconomics encompasses societal perspective on resource allocation. Microeconomics involves factors of resources availability and usage †¦ Micro Environmental Factors – Essays – Lucky1737   Home †º Business & Economy Micro environmental factors are internal factors close to a business that have a direct impact on its strategy. These factors include: Customers Organisations †¦ Market environment – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Market_environment Wikipedia Jump to Micro-Environment – The micro environment refers to the business itself and to †¦ Competitors are also a factor in the micro-environment †¦ What is microenvironment? definition and meaning www. businessdictionary. com/definition/microenvironment. html Definition of microenvironment: Factors or elements in an organization’s immediate area of †¦ market environment †¦ Use microenvironment in a sentence †¦ Micro Environment of Business: 6 Factors of Micro †¦ www. yourarticlelibrary. com/†¦ /micro-environment†¦ factors†¦ micro-envi†¦ Most important factors of micro environment of business are as follows: 1. competitors, 2. customers, 3. suppliers, 4. public, 5. marketing intermediaries, †¦ Owners immediately began tinkering with the car’s computer system. One owner was able to add cruise control (an option not offered by Toyota) by wiring in a few switches in the car’s computer system. The founder of priusenvy. com worked out how to use the car’s dashboard display screen to show files from his laptop, play video games, and look at rear-view images from a video camera pointed out of the back of the car. One Austrian consumer installed a sniffer – a device on the car’s computer network that monitors electronic messages. With the sniffer, he will be able to hook up add-ons such as a MiniDisc Player, an MP3 player, a laptop computer and a TV tuner. In the past, owners using mechanical skills customised cars with paint, lowered bodies, and souped-up engines. In the future, customisation may rely on being computer savvy. Even though the Internet was a major part of the Prius launch, Toyota does not sell the car from its website. Buyers go to prius. toyota. com online to pick a colour and decide whether they want a CD player and floor mats – the only options available from Toyota. After that, the dealers get involved, but it takes specially trained salespeople to explain and promote the Prius. Consequently, only 75 per cent of Toyota dealers handle the car. Many of them are not happy about the need to train salespeople. And why should they be? Margins are higher on gas-guzzlers, which are also easier to sell. Given dealer reluctance and consumer resistance, why have Toyota and Honda spent so much on their hybrids? While part of the answer is government regulations, a bigger part of the answer is competition. All car manufacturers concede that they will eventually have to move to hybrids to raise petrol mileage and lower emissions, and all of them have plans to do so. Ford, for example, plans to introduce an Escape SUV that will get 17 km/litre. DaimlerChrysler says that 15 per cent of its sport-utility vehicles will be hybrids that will get 20 per cent better fuel efficiency than conventional vehicles. General Motors is betting on hybrid buses and trucks. Toyota hopes, however, that its early entry will be the basis for a system of hybrids from ultracompact ‘minicars’ to luxury saloons, sport-utility vehicles, and even commercial trucks. The mass market, however, values space, comfort, and power. Although hybrids may have space and comfort, power would appear to be more elusive. Without greater power, it will be interesting to see whether consumers, who like speed on those open autobahns and acceleration on alpine roads, will settle for a hybrid. Questions 1. What microenvironmental factors affect the introduction and sales of the Toyota Prius? How well has Toyota dealt with these factors? 2. Outline the major macroenvironmental factors – demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural – that have affected the introduction and sales of the Toyota Prius. How has Toyota dealt with each of these factors? 3. Evaluate Toyota’s marketing strategy so far. What has Toyota done well? How might it improve its strategy.

Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio

mrunal. org http://mrunal. org/2012/08/econ-crr. html [Economy] Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Controversy between SBI & RBI: meaning, implication on Economy Explained 1. What is CRR? 2. What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? 3. Examples of Scheduled Commercial Banks 1. Case # 1: High CRR and SLR 2. Case # 2: Low CRR and SLR 4. Repo Rate 5. Reverse Repo Rate 6. Bank Rate 7. What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? 8. What is the problem with CRR? 9. How much CRR deposit does RBI have? 10. What does SBI want? 11. Deputy Governor of RBI 12. Timeline of Events 13.Mock Questions Before proceeding further, do read the earlier articles on 1. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) 2. Cost Push Inflation 3. Demand Pull Inflation What is CRR? CRR means Cash Reserve Ratio. Banks in India are required to hold a certain proportion of their total deposits with RBI in cash form. Right now, CRR is about 4. 75% that means if people deposit total Rs. 100 in SBI, then SBI would have to deposit Rs. 4. 75 in RB I. This is CRR or Cash Reserve Ratio. CRR rule doesnot apply to Regional Rural Banks, Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC), Mutual funds or insurance companies.What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? Scheduled banks are those banks which have been included in the second schedule of the Reserve bank of India act of 1934. The banks included in this schedule list should fulfill two conditions. 1. The paid capital and collected funds of bank should not be less t han Rs. 5 lakhs. 2. Any activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interests of depositors [hahaha, does it mean Non-scheduled banks are allowed to adversely affect the interests of depositors !? ] Examples of Scheduled Commercial BanksPublic Sector Majority of stake is held by the government. 1. State Bank of India (SBI) 2. Punjab National bank (PNB) Private Sector Majority stakes are held by private players. 1. ICICI, 2. HDFC, 3. AXIS Bank Case #1: High CRR and SLR Suppose total deposit deposited in (by you and me) State Bank of India =Rs. 100 Total Deposit CRR: 15%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. SLR: 38%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. % interest rate on this investment. click me for more on SLR Money left with SBI Rs. 100 -15 -38 100-1538=Rs. 47 Case #2: Low CRR and SLR Total Deposit CRR: 4. 75%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. Rs. 100 -4. 75 SLR: 23%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. 5% interest rate on this investment. Money left with SBI -23 100-4. 7523=Rs. 72. 25 In either case, as long as you’re running a bank, you’ll have some input costs such as 1.Salary to Bank PO , Clerks, peons and security guards (With rusted guns) 2. Office rent 3. ATM machine’s electricity and maintenance. 4. Newspaper advertizement s. To pay above salary and bills, SBI would need to maintain certain amount of profit margin, no matter what RBI does with CRR,SLR or Repo Rate. In Case# 1, when SBI has only Rs. 47 in the hands, what can it do to keep the profit margin same? Obviously SBI will have to increase the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans given to customers.In case# 2, when SBI has Rs. 72, what can it do? Here the situation is not that bad. So, SBI chief would decrease the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans to seduce more customers. We already discussed this- SBI has more money so it can cut down interest rates and suffer temporary reduction in profit, in order to seduce more customers (compared to ICICI) So once SBI has reduced the interest rates, other banks will need to reduce their interest rates, to stay in the competition. Repo RateLet’s continue assuming the Case# 2, that SBI has only Rs. 72. 25 left in its locker. SBI chief comes to know that recently Samsung Company has launched Galaxy S3 mobile so plenty of youngsters may want to buy it because of the advertisements that appear on TV channels 24/7 Thus there will be demand for more personal loans (EMI) or credit card based shopping. But SBI got only Rs. 72. 25. So SBI chief would borrow some more money from RBI @8% interest rate and then re-lend this money to customers as personal loan @16% (and thus aking a killing profit of 16-8=8%) or he can supply money to customers for Credit Card shopping, and in that case he can earn interest rate anything between 16-37% or even more (depending on hidden terms and conditions of credit card. ) This 8% : the rat e @which RBI lends short t erm loans t o client s, is called Repo Rat e. Reverse Repo Rate As the name suggests, Reverse repo rate is â€Å"reverse† of Repo rate. So, if SBI chief feels there is not enough demand for loans and most of those 72. 25 Rupees are sitting idle, he’ll deposit some of that cash, in RBI.RBI will pay SBI chie f 7% interest rate on such deposit. Thus, Reverse repo rate is the interest rate which RBI pays its client s* for their shortterm deposits. Note: Reverse Repo Rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate according to new RBI rules. [Since Nov. 2010, Reverse Repo rate is constantly 1% less than Repo]. Side Question Why would SBI chief put his money in RBI? Because on your normal savings account in SBI, the chief pays you around 4% interest rate, while RBI is giving him 7% Reverse repo rate, so he’s making a profit of 3%. Bank RateBank rate is the interest rate which RBI charges from its clients* for their LONG-t erm loans. Recall that Repo Rate = RBI charge that much interest from its clients on SHORT t erm loans. *Who’re the clients of RBI? 1. Union Government 2. State Government 3. NABARD (through that money goes to Microfinance companies and Regional Rural Banks) 4. Commercial Banks (SBI, ICICI etc) 5. Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) like Muthoot Finance and Mannapuram Gold Loans. (^list is not exhaustive. ) please not e: 1. Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate applies to all Clients of RBI. . The CRR,SLR applies to Commercial Banks. (including Urban Cooperative banks but excluding Regional Rural Banks) What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? RBI’s main job = control inflation by controlling money supply in the market. Too much money in the market =easy to get loans= not good. Because It’ll create inflation. [Demand Pull] Too less money in the market= again not good, because businessmen find it hard to get loans, thus input cost of production increases= not good for economy either and it’ll create inflation. Cost push] Therefore, RBI will increase/decrease these CRR, SLR and Repo Rates according to the situation in order to adjust the money supply in market and thus control inflation. [Monetary policy] Nowadays RBI doesn’t touch Bank rate much and mostly relies on Repo rate to control the money supply. CRR and SLR are also not changed as frequently as Repo rate. And Reverse repo rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate, so that makes Repo rate the â€Å"most f requent ly used t ool† in RBI’s monetary policy, in last two years.Apart from that, CRR,SLR and Repo Rate also help those competitive magazine wallas to fill up pages with ridiculously unimportant data tables to make your life more miserable. What is the problem with CRR? How much CRR deposit does RBI have? In July 2012 [all approximate numbers] Total Deposits in all Scheduled Commerical banks (SBI,ICICI etc) CRR: 4. 75%Banks have to keep this much amount of total deposits in RBI. Interest earned by SBI/ICICI etc on CRR deposits made in RBI 65 lakh crores 65 lakh crores x 4. 75%=around 3 Lakh crores sitting idle in RBI lockers. lakh crores x 0% = Rs. 0 If SBI/ICICI etc. could lend these 3 lakh crores (CRR deposits) to customers @10%, they could easily earn Rs. 30,000 crores in interest pa yment. Thus, CRR makes a huge difference in the profit of banks. UK, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand donot have CRR system in any form. In USA, there is graded system i. e. small banks don’t need to maintain any CRR with their central bank. While â€Å"big† banks would need to maintain CRR Deposit according to their size. Side Question: How â€Å"bigâ€Å"? Answer: no need to do Ph. D on that question trail.By the way, USA’s RBI (Central Bank) is known as Federal Reserve syst em and commonly known as â€Å"Feds†. So sometimes while randomly surfing through BBC/CNN you might come across lines like â€Å"Market boomed /crashed after Feds cut down the rates† they’re talking about USA’s RBI changing their repo, SLR etc. rates Interestingly, USA’s RBI (Feds) pays interest on the CRR deposits, while India’s RBI doesn’t pay any interest on CRR deposits. What does SBI want? Recently SBI Chairman Pratip Chaudha ri said that CRR does not help anyone and it is unfair to apply it only on banks.Even if CRR is required why should it be on banks alone? There are a number of institutions that raise funds from the public – insurance companies, mutual funds and NBFCs so CRR should be applicable to all. Because of CRR, every year we lose Rs. 3,500 crore. Pratip Chaudhari = Chairman of SBI In India, Businessmen get loan @11 per cent while that for a Chinese equipment manufacturer gets loan in his country for only 4 per cent. So CRR= less money in market= higher interest rate= increases the input cost of Indian products. Deputy Governor of RBIOn SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari’s demand for removal of CRR, the Deput y Governor of RBI K C Chakrabart y, replied that if the SBI Chairman is not able to do business as per our regulatory environment, he has to find some other place. On this [rude] comment of Chakrabarthy, SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari replied, (doesn’t matter what anyone says) I wanted to start a debate on CRR in the public domain, so let that debate happen. Timeline of Events Early 90s 1992 1996 1999 2007 CRR used to be as high as 15% and SLR used to be as high as 38. %, thus making life of businessmen and aam juntaa difficult. RBI introduces system of Repo rate. RBI introduces the system of Reverse Repo Rate RBI st art s paying interest rates to banks, on CRR deposits. Sub Prime Crisis in USA RBI st ops paying interest rates to banks on CRR deposits. 2010 Eurozone Crisis. For more on that topic, Click ME High inflation, RBI starts increasing Repo rate to fix it. 2011 Throughout the year, RBI keeps increasing Repo Rate to combat inflation. Repo rates gets as high as 8. 50%. August 2012 SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari demands removal of CRR. He has been doing it since a long time, even in 2011 seminars] So, This CRR removal news topic would have faded away just like it did in 2011, had the RBI deputy governor not replied on SBI chief’s statement. But RBI Deputy governor did, so the media blows the news out of proportion that â€Å"RBI snubs SBI chairman. † And thus the Innocent aspirants of UPSC, bank and MBA exams, are forced to learn one more topic i. e. CRR controversy. By the way, during this time, 1. 2. 3. 4. Bank Rate=9% Repo =8% (reverse repo would be obviously 8-1=7%) CRR=4. 75% SLR=23% Mock Questions Q1.Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are incorrect ? 1. The NBFCs are required to maintain CRR deposits with RBI. 2. RBI pays interest rates on CRR deposits. 3. An Increase in CRR would decrease the liquidity from the market. 4. At present, Bank Rate > Repo Rate > Reverse Repo Rate. Q2. Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are correct ? 1. Repo rate is the interest rate paid by RBI to banks on short term deposits. 2. A decrease in repo rate will increase the home loan interest rates. 3. HDFC is a Non-scheduled Commercial bank. 4. SLR is always 20% higher than CRR. Q3.What were the steps taken by RBI in its moneta ry policy during 2011 to control inflation in India. Do you think RBI achieved its objective? Give reasons to justify your stand. (Mains) Q4. If you were the RBI Governor, what steps would to take regarding the CRR issue? (interview) Ref: 1. Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh (Tata McGraw hill Publication) 2. http://moneylife. in/article/cash-reserve-ratio-a-non-performing-asset-forbanks/28066. html 3. http://www. indianexpress. com/news/cut-crr-to-fuel-positive-sentimentchaudhuri/980459/0 4. http://www. allbankingsolutions. com/DATA. htm August 30th, 2012 | Category: Economy

Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Proposal - Assignment Example IT has changed the outlook on music genres such as pop as artists can use different interesting sounds to compose their music. The industry has also created jobs for music producers and sound engineers due to the use of IT (Wiechmann 7-9). Websites create easy access to music from artists all over the world. The artists use the websites to interact with the consumers. Websites also impact the industry by allowing the community to download music from the site either at a fee or free. Two decades ago, one would have to visit and purchase a CD of newly released music from a well music store. With the advent of IT, people can now access the music by downloading it from various websites. People access the music in their PC’s and phones which contributes to the growth of the industry. Examples of such websites include mp3 skull, Myspace and YouTube (Wiechmann 8-9). Using technology, it has created a simple and democratic platform for sharing music. Due to its popularity, it has embraced almost everyone including 50 cent and Madonna. More than 10 million people use the company services due to its massive online presence. SoundCloud labs are creating more than 10000 applications for music production and consumer’s use (Viet

Jump Ship and Shop Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jump Ship and Shop - Case Study Example The second way is hosting events for customers with decorations and background carols (Mill 314). It allows customers to spend more time in the resort, explore the various products and services offered, and ask questions and clarifications where necessary. The third way to market is using the internet for the resorts with websites. The resorts design the home page to reflect the Christmas season and email any deals to their customers in the mailing list. Many shoppers would want to buy things for themselves and their friends and families. Resorts draw attention to larger groups of young people and families and especially between twenty-five years to fifty years and hence they direct any marketing activity to this age bracket. The resort needs also to target website visitors and make their home pages stand out to attract the attention. If we market resorts properly, they may receive customers from all over the world who are looking for exclusive and unique products and services. Proper marketing enhances increased sales returns and in return, customers expect efficient

World Bank and IMF Policies in Developing Countries Essay

World Bank and IMF Policies in Developing Countries - Essay Example This paper offers a thorough analysis of current economic policies of The IMF and the World Bank, and makes evaluation of their effectiveness. The difference in viewpoint on the role of global financial institution between world economists, makes for an importance of the essay The policies of the institutions advocate free trade, liberal markets, property rights, deregulation which have been suggested by a group of rich countries to poor countries without qualification in the past. In present times, a country must qualify for certain conditions and certain policies need to be avoided. By qualification, the economic need for the policy must be established first before World Bank or the IMF lends support for the policies. the IMF and World Bank policies for the developing countries of the world should be expanded to include other things like company accountability, social and personal responsibility, corruption mitigation, WTO agreements, control of quality standards, a free banking system, welfare systems. The IMF and the World Bank are acting to control and support the international system of fiscal dependency that connects one country to the rest of the world. Certainly the role has expanded beyond the original and it will continue to expand since there will always be nations that are relatively poor in comparison to rich ones. With the help of these bodies and the correct application of the policies a country can recover to become a productive member of the international community.

Judicial Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Judicial Review - Research Paper Example The increasing relevance and growth of judicial review is as a result of the growth of the administrative functions and powers in the modern world and can be understood from a historical perspective. The period before 19th century was characterized by a societal mode of life known as laissez faire which connotes total individual freedom, contractual freedom, a free individual enterprise which diminish the government control and functions. In a laissez faire society the role of the state is negative and is limited to defending the country especially from external aggression. The advent of industrial revolution in the 19th century manifested that the bargaining power of individuals was not equal and that un-controlled bargaining power would lead to exploitation of poor majority by the rich minority. This makes it important for the State’s intervention in individual matters. The state thus took more positive and active role in matters which affected the citizens directly. This le ad to the birth of the Social Welfare State, whose advent led to a phenomenal increase in scope and content of the functions and powers of the State. The state from then on, through the machinery of state corporations and executive arm, took over a very large portion of what was matters of private individuals and started to profoundly control what remained in the private domain. (Jain, 3) an administrative law author summarised the functions of the state in a social welfare system as follows: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.the state today pervades every aspect of human life; it runs buses, railways and postal services; it undertakes socio-economic planning, improves slums, plans urban and rural life, looks after health, societal morals and education of the people, generates electricity, works mines and operates key and important industries; acts as an active instrument of socio-economic policy, regulates individual life and freedom to a large extent; benefits its citizens and imposes social control and regulation over private enterprise.† A state has three organs which are the judiciary, the executive and the legislature which perform independent and different functions. Increase in the state functions would obviously mean increase in work for all state organs. But this is not the case as the largest range of the powers and functions of the state has been taken by the executive arm which is also known as the administrative arm of the state. In the modern times the executive arm performs functions which are ex facie and which belong to the other organs of the state. The executive performs the legislative power by making a plethora of rules, orders, by-laws and regulations. This is designated as subordinate or delegated legislation. The executive also performs adjudicative powers over disputes through the commissions, tribunals and many other quasi- judicial bodies which have diversified jurisdiction, structure, powers and procedures. They make binding decisions li ke those of ordinary courts. The reason for subsidiary legislation is that the legislature lacks time and expertise to handle the mass all the legislative detail required to govern a state. The

The Nursing Shortage and the Quality of Patient Care Annotated Bibliography

The Nursing Shortage and the Quality of Patient Care - Annotated Bibliography Example stantial environment, information and communication systems, cooperation and support services are also factors that affect the amount of time used by nurses thus affecting the value of the care of patients. This research project was carried out to clarify the factors that influence the current nursing shortage together with possible solutions to curb the shortage. It tries to reveal the influence of social factors and the government policy to the problem of nurse shortages in hospitals and other health centers. The effects of arguments both in agreement and in disagreement with policy intervention on the overall provision of nursing services were scrutinized. It was found out that increase in the number of nurses available would not solve the problem if there is no policy intervention to put the financial value on the quality of care provided by nurses. The strength of this study is that it explored and revealed that nursing care requires the government’s supervision since it is in conjunction with the aim of saving life. The project further examined factors that influence nursing supply and demand which include legislation passage, educational assistance and the setting up of minimum staffing needs and quality standards for repayment. The major weakness of this project is that it does not point out educational factors that influence the shortage of nurses since researchers have found out that not many people want to be in the nursing profession and would rather study other carriers. Nurses have been observed to be overworked thus pushing young people away from the dreams of being future nurses. This project is highly applicable to nursing practice as it is seen that weighty considerations that should be factored out in policy creation include compensation for quality care, the employment efforts of other nurses and the multifaceted nature of the nursing profession. This project reviews the shortage of nurses and implies strategies that have to be

Recruitment and selection report assignment Essay

Recruitment and selection report assignment - Essay Example The options include: obtaining sufficient funds and paying adequate wages; creating a network of skilled doctors who would be sent on rotation to remote areas; creating a robust IT infrastructure with video conferencing that would help experienced doctors in urban areas to diagnose patients in remote areas and guide fresh recruits to provide better treatment. It is expected that if the recommendations are adopted, then there would be more experienced consultation available for patients in remote areas. Doctors and trained physicians are the life support entities of any healthcare system and this is more so in remote and rural areas that have few hospitals and health care units. Gorman (2009) reports that many regions of Queensland and New Zealand have 70% of required doctors. The author has reported that these regions also have a high level of dependency on foreign born doctors and about 42% of the doctors in these regions are of foreign origin. While this factor should not be an issue since foreign born doctors are also competent, the disturbing fact is that it is difficult to attract and retain doctors in the rural areas of Queensland. Fowler (1997) comments that while fresh doctors and interns do join rural practice, it is meant to fulfill certain requirements to obtain a medical degree. The author has estimated that since 2005, about 182 to 681 doctors per annum have left the rural practice and migrated to bigger cities with better career prospects. Better career prospects in cities, changing priorities, poor rural living conditions and lack of skill development can frustrate even the most ardent and medical practitioner who would then quit the rural posting. This behavior and trend among doctors has become very severe and lives of children, pregnant women, aboriginal people and the elderly are at stake. This paper examines the

Human Evolution Essay Example for Free

Human Evolution Essay Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago. [2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of h uman evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Ho minidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution i nvolves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Ho minidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies s how that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo. Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal H ominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolutio n involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into th e australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption o f the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genet ic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies s how that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usua lly covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption o f the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo. Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal H ominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.

OSHA and Machine Safeguarding Essay Example for Free

OSHA and Machine Safeguarding Essay Guidelines on machine guarding – In most industries, small and large machines are used to perform various functions. The moving parts of these machines can cause injuries such as amputations, burns, lacerations, or crushing (Safety and Health Topics). OSHA has brought about certain guidelines, which are mandatory for employers to follow while using machines in their workplace to protect employees from injuries. Two OSHA regulations apply to all machining operations. These are:  · OSHA standards for machine guarding – Standard 1910. 211 – 1910.222  · OSHA lockout/tagout standards – Standard 1910.147 and 1910.331 OSHA regulations require that measures be taken to protect operators and other employees in the workplace from hazards created by rotating parts, flying chips and sparks, by contact with a moving machine part, chemical and hot metal splashes, and machine malfunction due to mechanical and electrical faults. OSHA recognizes that most mechanical mishaps occur due to dangerous moving parts in three areas – the point of operation, power transmission apparatus, and other moving parts of a machine. Besides these, there are some mechanical motions and actions that are hazardous, such as rotation, reciprocation, cutting, shearing, and bending (Concepts and Techniques of Machine Safeguarding). Some non-mechanical factors also cause hazards, such as the power source of a machine. Some of the safeguards that are required by OSHA to be followed for all machines are as follows:  · The point of operation of a machine, which causes a risk of injury to the operator will be guarded.  · To prevent the operator from putting his hand in a danger zone, special tools for putting and retrieving raw materials and finished products will be used.  · Revolving drums and containers will be guarded by enclosures to prevent injury.  · Blades that are less than seven feet above the floor will be guarded.  · Fixed machines will be anchored securely to prevent them from moving accidentally.  · Proper lockout and tagout systems will be implemented to prevent machines from being turned on by unauthorized personnel.  · Power sources will be properly grounded and old, frayed wires will be replaced.  · Besides these, OSHA has devised specific guidelines for machines belonging to industries such as woodworking machinery, cooperage machinery, mechanical power presses, etc. (Regulations, Standards 29 CFR). Machine guarding compliance – Besides formulating regulations, OSHA also enforces compliance with these regulations. Punitive measures are taken against businesses not in compliance with OSHA regulations, which include cancellation of licenses. To encourage compliance, OSHA provides training and tools to assist business owners. OSHA has developed software packages called â€Å"e-Tools† that are interactive web-based tools that provide information on various OSHA regulations, including machine guarding. The content is illustrated through graphics and helps employers know how OSHA guidelines apply to their particular business. This tool is available on the OSHA website at http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/oshasoft/index.html. Besides these, OSHA has developed powerpoint presentations and compliance checklists to help business owners with compliance. Workmen can lodge complaints against business owners through OSHA’s website (OSHA eTools and Electronic Products for Compliance Assistance).

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Introduction Work life balance has become the hot issue around the world. In the United Kingdom, a high level of support has been given to work life balance. Employers think people can only give best performance when they can strike a balance of work and life. In the United States, more importance has been given to work life balance, it has accounted for more than two-thirds of work characteristics that has been rated by surveyed companies which they think to be absolutely essential to attract and retain the talent. (Michaels, Handfield- Jones Axelrod, 2001) In Hong Kong, a survey is conducted on work life balance has indicated that more than 80% of employees being interviewed and they have considered work life balance as important to them and only less then 50% of them said that they were able to achieve it. Literature Review Over the past decades, balance between work and other factors of life has been made much difficult which happened due to changes in technology, demographic workforce and business environment. It is now become a challenge for modern employees to achieve work life balance without jeopardizing their well being and satisfaction with other aspect of the lives and overall quality of life. Technological advancements, like mobile phones, internet, have enabled people to conduct work anywhere and at anytime, whether they are on holidays or flying on planes. Furthermore the use of computers has changed their lives as people are taking their work to home. Long working hours now becomes a norm in many countries worldwide. Which have indirectly increased the workload, long hours culture and job insecurity? Over the past decades, the employment of women has increased substantially. In some developed economies, women are occupied half or more of workforce (International Labor Office 2007). In 2005, about 88 million women whose ages lie between 20 to 64 were employed in the United States, which was the 50.8% of the total workforce (US Census Bureau, 2005) and 70.9% of the women were participated in labor force in 2005. Work Life Balance Work life balance was first used in the late 1970 that actually describes that the individual has a personal life too. Work and life balance is important and it should be manage in way that increases satisfaction. Individuals personal life in which family, friends, love, play etc comes. Work life balance is about people manage the difference between work and life. How they manage work and life. Work life balance is important only in the framework of what company does for the individual worker. The work life balance however is a two pronged approach, it is achievement with enjoyment. If the employee is giving his best input to the organization but not really enjoying the same then happiness then satisfaction can not be achieved. Work life balance does not mean only balancing the profession and family, it means balancing the mental and status quo and balancing the emotional intelligence. Organizations facilitate their employees via implementing work life balance and training. There is a life at home and at work and life having space for leisure time. If the employee work life is imbalance then it effect comes on productivity means productivity is declining and efficiency level is also decreasing, the imbalance work life has a negative impact in professional and personal life. Imbalance work life results in absenteeism, turnover, less committed to organization. Employee retention is seriously important for organizations. Now organizations are focusing on grooming their employees and treating them as human capital of the organization. Thats why companies most of the companies are implementing work life balance by facilitating part time work, work at home, attend meeting via video conferencing, can do job sharing. Work life and personal life are two sides of the same coin. According to various work life balance surveys, more then 60% respondents said they are not able to find the balance between them. They have to make difficult decision between work and personal life. But now it is close to equilibrium. Traditionally managing a balance between life and work was considered to be a womans issue but increasing work pressure, technological changes and globalization have made this issue for male and female, all professionals working across all countries. Achieving a balance work life is not simple as it seen. Personal life and work life both are inter-connected and interdependent and doing long hours job, dealing with clients, deadlines in jobs can interfere and affect the personal life of an individual and sometimes it becomes difficult to maintain the relationship. On the other side, personal life can also be demanding such as kids, wife, parents and relatives, giving them time is very important. If not managing then it leads to absenteeism form work, stress level increases and concentration on work diminishes. The work life balance conflict occurs when burden, obligations and responsibilities and family roles becomes incompatible. Need and Benefits of Work Life Balance Today the deadlines of work are getting tighter and its really much difficult for an individual to achieve it. Due to these deadlines it becomes difficult to maintain a family life. It is difficult to have engagement of min with the engagement of body. In every individuals life there are four stakeholders- his or her personality, family, job and the society. It is very important for an individual person to give equal importance to all stakeholders (personality, family, job and society) and then an individual can term as successful person. When a life is imbalance then happiness, peace and harmony of life vanishes and it has a negative impact on work life too. So it is very important to avoid imbalance of life. The transition of work life imbalance and work life balance has negative and positive impact on organizations success. On an individual level work life balance bring phenomenal changes in his life and also have impact on society. A balance work life results in good health, stress level decline due to health levels and can derive more value form work and life and which leads to satisfaction and self actualization. At the organizational level, balance work life enables productivity and efficiency and employees becomes more creative and derive more satisfaction. Employee better communicate and do better teamwork in a working environment. Work life balance leads to fully enjoying the work and which increases passion for it, which results in employees commitment level increases and thus develops a strong value system. Advantages of Work Life Balance Many organizations such as IBM, Merrill Lynch, Pfizer and Accenture have introduced work life programme within their companies to help their employees to achieve effective balance between the work and personal life because they believe that it makes good business sense to provide such programmes to their employees due to financial and non-financial benefits that can be reaped. Policies and practices of work life balance are good for business; there are many benefits for the business who have implemented it. The one of the most important advantage of work life balance is that employee feel satisfaction because of managing the work and life. Organizations implement work life balance in order to attract or retain talented employees. This work life balance was implemented by organizations to decrease the labor turnover in the organizations. It increases the productivity in the organizations because of the work life balance. When people are satisfied with their life as well as work means they have kept the balance between work and personal life, which results in less absenteeism in the organization. It increases the overall profit in the organization because of balance between work and personal life. Organizations implemented work life balance then it increases overall profit in any organization as employees are working hard to increase productivity. Employees are loyal where organizations have implemented work life balance. An overall more enjoyable workplace as all employees are achieving and enjoying. Employees give best input to organization as they are happy with their life and work balance. Work life balance initiates an individual to give his best input to organization and work hard to achieve organizational goals and provides innovative ideas and thus organization rapidly grow in the direction of success. When an individual has work life balance then he or she can better know how to spend the time. Employees less miss the time as they have well manage the work and personal life. Depression is a condition of mental disturbance and when employees work life is balance and he or she can perfectly manages everything. Individual have other things to do in life then work which is as playing, giving time to family means spending time with the family, meeting with friends etc. So work life balance is very important in individuals life. There are many responsibilities of an individual such responsibility parents, wife, children and as well as of society so work life balance is very important in respect to managing these multiple responsibilities at a time. Companies who have implemented work life balance programme, they have reduces the health cost as employee have to work less and thats the reason they have good health. According to the Corporate Executive Boards Research, effective work life balance encourages workers to work harder and discourage them for leaving the job. The worker can easily meet the need of family, personal obligations and the life responsibility. Employees are more committed to organizations who have implemented it. Employer can recruit outstanding or talented employees in the company. Implementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan Implementation, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan The Unilever Pakistan Limited The Unilever Pakistan Limited, formerly Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited was established in 1948. Unilever Pakistan is one of the largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) company in the Pakistan and has a multinational operational network. The Unilever Pakistan Limited has implemented work life balance to facilitate their employees to enjoy and improve productivity in the organization. Unilever, Pakistan has given employees the chance to work flexibly through different schemes which is as part time job, work at home and job sharing. They have change the way they work in past. But now they avoid travelling to meetings which cost money and it also impacts the environment and takes the people far away from home. Thats why they have introduced effective ways to communicate through new generation video conferencing, virtual meetings, videophones and online collaboration environments. In the result of work life balance implementation in Unilever, Pakistan; employees are more committed, highly satisfied and loyal to the company and have less turnover. Procter Gamble, Pakistan Procter Gamble, Pakistan was established in 1991 and is global consumer goods company which is locally operating in a Pakistan that provides premium quality product for their consumers. Procter and Gamble has implemented work life balance. According to their view, they believe that work life balance is as important as the performance. They have fitness clubs, days-off to work from home programmes. They are giving special consideration to working mothers. In results of implementing the work life in Procter Gamble employees are more productive which translates to success. Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan is owned by the Telenor Group and is an international provider of voice, data, and content and mobile communication service. Telenor has implemented work life balance which they believe is critical to their business success. They have provided in-office facilities to their employees such as gyms, game rooms and cafes to get relax at work and enjoy these facilities. The other organizations who have implemented work life balance in Pakistan are; BankIslami Pakistan, Pakistan State Oil, Netsol Pakistan, National Bank of Pakistan, Pfizer Pakistan, Nestlà © Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, Daewoo Pakistan, Pakistan National Shipping Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank Pakistan, Pakistan Steel Mills, Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan, Pakistan, Pakistan, Gourmet Foods (Pakistan), State Life Insurance Corporation Of Pakistan, PEPCO Pakistan, Qubee (Augere Pakistan), Citibank Pakistan, United Energy Pakistan Limited, OCS Pakistan, Tetra Pak Pakistan, Mobilink Pakistan, PepsiCo, Chartis Insurance Company, Pakistan Water and Power Supply Authority, Roche Pakistan Limited, Publicis Pakistan, Engro Foods, The Coca-Cola Company, World call Telecom, Nokia, Xavor Conclusion Work life balance remains an important issue that requires considerable attention from organizations. Nowadays many organizations operates 24/7 schedule and technological advancement has made it easy to connect all the time. Employers have found out that burnt-out employees are nearly useless while satisfied employees are the key to organizations success in future. To this ends, many organization has implemented work life balance programs to facilitate employees in handling conflicts that may arise between work and life. The work life balance programs incorporated at organizations providing the flexibility and support that help employees manage the complexities of modern life. Outcomes of imperfect Work life balance Stress The number of employees suffering from many ailments including hypertension, heart attack, diabetes has grown in recent years, which worst effected by long working hours and stressful working hours. Relational Problems If the employees spend more time in the workplace rather then spending time with the parents, spouses, children and family, can disturb the relationship as there is no longer time to give for these relations. Unethical Practices To handle the stress in the organizations as well as in the home, employees tend to adopt unethical practices such as smoking, drugs, improper relations etc.

Personality Disorders Essay examples -- Papers

Personality Disorders Personality disorders indicate the presence of chronic rigid and maladjusted personality traits, through which the person's interpersonal or professional functioning is negatively affected, or which lead to personal unhappiness and problems (Louw, 1990). Discuss this statement from a biopsychosocial frame of reference and refer to one personality disorder in any cluster to illustrate your answer. The Biopsychosocial model: ========================== The biopsychosocial model (Engel, 1980, cited in Paris, 1993) suggests an integrated approach that understands psychopathology in terms of multiple causes, none of which is sufficient on its own for the development of the disorder. These factors could include biological vulnerability, the psychological impacts of life experiences and the influence of the social environment all of which may factor as risk variables or protective variables. The biopsychosocial model differs from more linear cause and effect approaches such as heredity in that it is only the cumulative interactive effects of the multiple variables can produce the overt disorder. Personality disorders ===================== Personality disorders are characterised by inflexible and longstanding maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment and subjective distress for the individual. The signs of a personality disorder display in adolescence or early adulthood. Individuals differ to the extent that they possess Personality traits and it may be difficult to decide whether the trait exists to an extent that can be considered pathol... ...tice, 10, (2), 161-165. Hayes, S. J. (2002, Mar) Acceptance, mindfulness and science. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, (1), 101-106. Klein, M.H. (1993, Spring). Issues in the assesment of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders. Supplement 1, 18-33. Morey, L.C. (1993, Spring). Psychological correlates of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, Supplement 1, 149-166. Paris, J. (1993). Personality disorders: A biopsychosocial model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 7(3), 255-264. Sue, D., Sue, D, W. & Sue, S. (2000). Understanding abnormal behaviour. (6th ed). USA: Houghton Mifflin Vincent, K.R. (1990). The relationship between personality disorders, normality and healthy personality: Personality on a continuum. Social Behavior and Personality, 18(2), 245-250.

Instant Messaging: Friend or Foe of Student Writing? Essay -- Essays P

Instant Messaging: Friend or Foe of Student Writing? Introduction With the commercial advent of the Internet and cell phones in the late 1990’s, technologies such as instant messaging (IM) and text messaging (TM) have achieved increasing prevalence in our society. These types of messaging technologies are widely used among adolescents today. To cite just one personal example of this widespread usage, my friend’s daughter, who is now 11 and lives in Ireland, got a cell phone last year, and, according to my friend, â€Å"was the last person in her class to get one.† This is quite an amazing change, given that ten years ago, instant messaging and text messaging were in their infancy, and cell phones were only readily available as tools for roadside assistance. Given the newness of these types of technologies, it is only in the last few years that educators have started to notice them and explore their effects on student behavior and performance. While there is supporting evidence to suggest that these technologies have a large influence on the social development of adolescents, an even more pertinent issue for classroom teachers is what effects these technologies have on the academic development of young people. In this article, I examine how students’ use of text messaging technology, specifically IM, affects their writing skills. How does IM use affect students’ interest in traditional writing (as learned in school)? In what ways does IM usage affect students’ writing ability? How does â€Å"IM-speak† change students’ views of what is considered â€Å"proper† language? How can classroom teachers build on student use of this increasingly popular technology? In this paper I provide a discussion of the current issues and current teacher pra... ...lts. If students understand where and when it is appropriate to use certain types of language, then allowing them to use IM-speak can be beneficial in building student-teacher relationships, in enhancing students’ comfort level in school settings, and in improving academic performance. IM lingo is evidence of the evolution of language, and as Brown-Owens, Eason, and Lader (2003) point out, teachers need to realize that – for better or for worse – IM is widely used among many adolescents and is consequently a strong influence on student academic performance. For who knows? Given its roots in other languages, sometime soon we may even be teaching IM-speak as a legitimate form of language. Works Cited: Connor, Amanda. "Instant Messaging: Friend or Foe of Student Writing?" From http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/literacy/oconnor.htm. Access Date: April, 2005

Bukowski Self-Exploration in Bluebird

Many times, the changes and transformations in the main character are shown as being caused partly by the world around him, sometimes making the main character even a victim of society. 1 Something causes the character to become morally prepared or emotionally wrecked and cut off, usually due to something that has happened in his life. These protagonists watch the world around them and feel disconnected from it, and act out with â€Å"taboo† themes, like violence or incest or taking drugs or anything that sort of pushes the line because the world they live in has disturbed their minds in some way. 3 Finding life empty and without value, the main character does things to numb the pain, like drinking too hard, or having a lot of meaningless and casual sex, or anything else that both cuts off his emotions and also test him feel pleasure and distraction for a minute. This is called escapism, as in indulging in meaningless distractions to forget about the root problems in someone's life. But the main character often actually has a conscience, or at least a deeper sense of self, and that part of him is in conflict with the way he is behaving outwardly, so this is where the pain and despair comes from and which we see in transgressing fiction, whether it is in novels or in poems. 3 The themes of transgressing fiction are all over Bouzouki's work. 1 His writings mostly cover the second half of the twentieth entry, and he drew on Los Angles as a source of inspiration. Since he spent most of his life in Los Angles, he identified with the city darkness and grittiness. 6 A lot of the transgressing fiction qualities in Bouzouki's poems are in his escapism from reality. He writes about drinking and women and gambling, and he lived his life chasing women, drinking and gambling. 5 Through this behavior, the characters escaped from their problems. And through writing about it in poetry, Bouzoukis expressed his temptation to escape from his problems by briefly having thos e indulgences. 5 Bouzoukis grew up during the Great Depression.California was expensive, and his father was unemployed. So there was a lot of frustration and insecurity at home, and his father was physically, verbally and emotionally abusive to Bouzouki's mother. 2 His father was also emotionally and physically abusive towards Bouzoukis, something that his mother did not stop. 2 This made Bouzoukis an introverted, insecure, and socially anxious teenager. 2 He had no confidence because he was being traumatized at home and felt that he wasn't good enough compared to everyone else at school. During this painful period of his youth, Bouzoukis started is lifelong habit of excessive drinking. His drinking only got worse as life went on. 2 He started his writing career after World War II began and never made enough money off of his writing, so he had to do Jobs on the side all the time. Hard Jobs, like working in a factory. 5 He could not make a lot of money off of his poems because not en ough people were buying his poetry. 5 He was failing to break in and make it big and found it hard to believe in himself and in the world.He became very cynical and depressed about what the publishers were looking for (they only wanted to cater to a market†) and did not believe that anyone had a fair chance. As if things weren't bad enough, considering that he had no money, no close relationship with his family, and on top of that no success in getting his writing published, during this time Bouzoukis also almost died from a stomach ulcer. 5 He was desperate for companionship and someone to show him the love he never had growing up, and so married another poet without thinking it through first, and divorced her two years later. For a long time after that he was not able to seriously form an honest and healthy relationship, o he was always lonely and always having affairs with women to briefly fulfill his needs. 5 He continued this behavior even after he began to enjoy some suc cess in the sass's. 5 He only married again a decade later, and he eventually died of cancer. 5 All in all, Bouzoukis led a pretty troubled, difficult and sometimes lonely life, and had a lot of issues going on with him that he expressed in his poetry. 4 Poetry was an outlet for his creative talent as well as his pain. Through poetry, he expressed his disillusionment with the world, his sense of loneliness and not being able to conform r be understood, and his need to escape from the feelings inside him, in a realistic way. 4 By realistic I mean he wants to show the truth without sugarcoating anything. In his poems, he shows his true self struggling to become free of the cage that his fake self traps it in. A good example how Bouzoukis expresses his inner self through realist, transgressing poetry is one of his last poems, published only about two years before he died: â€Å"Bluebird. . 1 â€Å"Bluebird† is a great poem because it is very sobering and a little depressing, bu t captures the main struggle that Bouzoukis seems to have aced for most of his life: confronting his inner self, being brave enough to accept himself for who he is instead of escaping from it with alcohol, women, gambling, and other distractions. The bluebird is his inner, true self that is trying to set itself free. He describes it as: â€Å"there's a bluebird in my heart that / wants to get out. 1 But the narrator (who is really the poet describing himself) says he is going to keep the bluebird hidden, and he'll hide it by distracting himself from it with alcohol and everything else. This is proven in the lines: â€Å"there's a bluebird in my heart that ants to get out but I purr whiskey on him and inhale cigarette smoke and the whore's and the bartenders and the grocery clerks never know that he's in there. † 1 He is burying the inner voice, the secret alternative personality or true personality within him, with alcohol, cigarettes, and women.He is afraid to let his true self show, because he's built everything in his life on lies and putting on a brave front that isn't who he really is. What is the bluebird then? It's all the toxicity of his trauma – the depression and failure and sadness – but also the person he can be if he really accepts all those problems instead of running away from them. But he is afraid to accept that side of himself. Bouzoukis has built up all these fears and barriers after a lifetime of running away from his problems.Now Bouzoukis has too much to lose to try and face these fears and problems, because his career and his fame and his success depend on squashing his pain and depression, or in other words, the bluebird. To illustrate this problem, he asks: â€Å"l say, stay down, do you want to mess me up? You want to screw up the works? You want to blow my book sales in Europe? † 1 This verse clearly shows how much his fears and denials of his inner voice, the bluebird, is tied to his desire to save the l ife he has worked so hard to build without ever really acknowledging his past, his hurt, and who he truly is.It's worth noticing that he uses the word â€Å"tough† 1 to describe how strong he is against the bluebird. This means he views it as a threat, even though it is not. He is not in total and complete denial of his inner self, however. Just selectively in denial. He calls himself â€Å"clever† 1 and says: â€Å"l only let him out at night sometimes† 1 of the bluebird. In the darkness and loneliness of the night, when nobody is there to see and he can be his true self in private.This fear of showing the â€Å"real you† to someone would likely have been an important concern for someone who realized that his poetry wasn't selling easily when he first started out, likely because publishing is after all a business and publishers want poems that are in keeping with the trends in style, language and themes that would appeal to their customers. We all have t o remember that life is a business and you can't always afford to be your real self. That is why the narrator ells the bluebird that by letting it out, he might ruin his career. Why?Because the narrator – in other words, Bouzoukis – made a lot of money by partially figuring out what poetry editors wanted to read and selling it to them. This all leads to the fear of not expressing who you really are, and conforming to society. The narrator is being the person that other people subconsciously want him to be, and he knows that. His struggle is that he sees no value in this fake persona apart from societal acceptance. When he does eventually let the bluebird out, he does not ever truly accept it in public – only in private. There is also a sense of loneliness. He is isolated from society because he thinks nobody would understand and accept the bluebird. And since the bluebird is his true inner self, he cannot share that with the world because it seems so foreign and strange to them. He has nobody to talk about this with. The imagery is really powerful because of the way the images are arranged one after another and also because the language of the poem is so direct, simple, and straightforward. 1 He Juxtaposes the image of the bluebird trying to break free with al the signs of vice around it -whiskey, cigarettes, etc. This helps the reader subconsciously make an immediate comparison between the innocent, natural bluebird, which is clean and untouched, with all the things that can drown that clean, natural inner self, like alcohol. 1 Through the images, the simple language, and the discussion of his inner self versus the mask he puts on for the world, the narrator is an effective transplant of Bouzoukis himself, who had a lot of unresolved problems concerning his family. His self-exploration in â€Å"Bluebird† is a transgressing poem since it deals with his inner ormolu as he breaks out of a social norm – the norm of pretending to be someone hoys are not.

Structuration theory

Anthony Giddens was born on January 8, 1938. He is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists, the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, issuing on average more than one book every year. In 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities.He has served as Director of the London School of Economics in 1997 until 2003. Structure is defined by Giddens as rules and resources, organized as properties of social systems. The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based in the analysis of both structure and agents without giving primacy to either. In other words, when we communicate with one another, we create structures that range from large social and cultural institutions to smaller individual relationships.As communicators act strategically according to rules to achieve their goals, they do not realize that they are simultaneously creating forces that return to affect future ction. Structures like relational expectations, group roles and norm, communication networks and societal institutions affect social action. But these variables may also both affect and are affected by social action. These structures provide individual with rules that guide their actions, but their action in turn create new rules and reproduce old ones. Figure 1: Variables of the theory. 2.ORIGINS OF STRUCTURATION THEORY Sociologist Anthony Giddens adopted a post-empiricist frame for his theory, as he was concerned with the abstract characteristics of social relations. This leaves each evel more accessible to analysis via the ontologies which constitute the human social experience: space and time and thus, in one sense, ‘history'. His aim was to build a broad social theory which viewed basic domain of study of the social science s neither the experience of the individual actor, not the existence of any form of societal totality, but social practices ordered across space and time.His focus on abstract ontology accompanied a general and purposeful neglect of epistemology or detailed research methodology. Giddens used concepts from objectivist and subjectivist social theories, discarding bjectivism's focus on detached structures, which lacked regard for humanist elements and subjectivism's exclusive attention to individual or group agency without consideration for socio-structural context. 3.DUALITY OF STRUCTURE Structuration theory may be seen as an attempt to resolve a fundamental division within the social sciences between those who consider social phenomena as determined by the influence of objective, exogenous social structures and others who see them as products of the action of human agents in the light of their subjective interpretation of the world. Giddens attempts to square this circle by proposing that tructure and agency be viewed, not as independent and conflicting elements, but as a mutually interacting duality.Social structure is therefore seen as being drawn on by human agents in their actions, while the actions of humans in social contexts serve to produce, and reproduce, the social structure. Structure is thus not simply an exogenous restraining force, but is also a resource to be deployed by humans in their actions, it is enabling as well as disabling. More specifically, Giddens identifies three dimensions of structure, which are signification, domination and legitimation. The three dimensions of interaction are described as communication, power and sanctions.The means by which structures are translated into actions are called modalities, which are interpretive schemes, facilities and norms as shown in Figure 2. These modalities can explain why and how interaction is affected. Figure 2: Dimensions of the duality of structure, Giddens (1984) For example, as humans comm unicate, they use interpretive schemes to help them make sense of their interaction; at the same time these interactions change or reproduce the same interpretive schemes that are embedded in structures as signification.The facility used to allocate resources is manifested in the wielding of power, which in turn produces and reproduces facilities influencing social structures of domination. Norms on the other hand, referred to also as moral codes; provide both understandings and sanctions for human interactions, ultimately also producing legitimation within structures. 4. APPLICATION OF THE THEORY Donald Ellis (1999) shows how ethnicity is entailed in structuration. Ethnicity is a structural arrangement created over time as a result of many local practices throughout the world.Yet, once created, ethnicity has a life of its own, so that it ecome almost impossible not to see and act in accordance with ethnic experience in some way or another. Well intentioned people acting in their ev eryday live create unintended categories of social structure, which is limit what they can do in future interactions. these structures are not necessarily bad, but they can limit the ability to see a range of possibilities for acting in future situations 4. 2 Communication : Decision making Marshall Scott Poole (1985) and his colleagues have been working for several years on her structurational theory of group decision making.This theory teaches that group ecision making is a process in which group members attempt to achieve convergence or agreement on a final decision and in so doing structure their social system. By expressing their opinions and preferences, group member actually produce and reproduce certain rules by which convergence can be achieve or blocked. However, good decision making depends on three set of variables that are objectives task characteristics, group task characteristics and group structural characteristics.Figure 3 : Variables of the theory in term of Group Decision Making.   Adaptive structuration Theory Desancns and Poole (2011) adapted Structuration Theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology, and called it Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST). Adaptive Structuration Theory is formulated as the production and reproduction of the social systems through members use of rules and resources in interaction. This theory criticizes the technocentric view of technology use and emphasizes the social aspects.Individual interaction with technology and in the incorporation personal experiences can dictate outcomes and structural change as well as eventually change the design or use of the technology. The theory could be used to analyze the advent of various innovations such as the printed press, electricity, telegraph, mass transpirations, radio, telephone, TV, the Internet, etc. , and show how the structures of these innovations penetrated the respective societies, influencing them, and how the socia l structures of those societies in turn influenced and modified innovations ongtnal intent. Social media networks were create to provide interpersonal connectivity to its users. Users began utilizing the technology to drive trends through the sharing of xperiences with good or bad regarding brands and products or rallying behind the Large organizations began tollowing these trends and implemented t cause. technology used for themselves. This alteration of the technologies use resulted in social networking site adjusting their design to also meet the need of organizations to connect with consumers. . CRITICISM John B. Thompson (said that Structuration theory needed to be more specific and more consistent both internally and with conventional social structure theory. Thompson focused on problematic aspects of Giddens' concept of structure as â€Å"rules nd resources,† focusing on â€Å"rules†. He argued that Giddens' concept of rule was too broad. Thompson claimed that G iddens presupposed a criterion of importance in contending that rules are a generalizable enough tool to apply to every aspect of human action and interaction.Waldeck et al. concluded that the theory needs to better predict outcomes, rather than merely explaining them. Decision rules support decision-making, which produces a communication pattern that can be directly observable. Research has not yet examined the â€Å"rational† function of group communication and decision-making (i. . , how well it achieves goals), nor structural production or constraints. Rob Stones argued that many aspects of Gidden's original theory had little place in its modern manifestation.Stones focused on clarifying its scope, reconfguring some concepts and inserting new ones, and refining methodology and research orientations. Strong structuration are: 1. Places its ontology more in situ than abstractly. 2. Introduces the quadripartite cycle, which details the elements in the duality of structure. T hese are: – External structures as conditions of action; – Internal structures within the agent; Active agency, â€Å"including a range of aspects involved when agents draw upon internal structures in producing practical action† and – Outcomes (as both structures and events). 3.Increases attention to epistemology and methodology. Ontology supports epistemology and methodology by prioritising: – The question-at-hand; – Appropriate forms of methodological bracketing; – Distinct methodological steps in research; and – The specific combinations of all the above in composite forms of research. 4. Discovers the meso-level of ontology between the abstract, philosophical level of ntology and the in-situ, ontic level. Strong structuration allows varied abstract ontological concepts in experiential conditions. 5. Focuses on the meso-level at the temporal and spatial scale. . Conceptualises independent causal forces and irresistible causa l forces, which take into account how external structures, internal structures, and active agency affect agent choices (or lack of them). â€Å"Irresistible forces† are the connected concepts of a horizon of action with a set of â€Å"actions-in-hand† and a hierarchical ordering of purposes and concerns. An agent is affected by external influences. This aspect of strong structuration helps reconcile an agent's dialectic of control and his/her more constrained set of â€Å"real choices. As a conclusion, in structuration theory, neither micro nor macro focused analysis alone are sufficient. The theory most significantly in the constitution of society, which examines phenomenology, hermeneutics, and social practices at the inseparable intersection of structures and agents. Its proponents have adopted and expanded this balanced position. Though the theory has received much criticismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software

Pipeline Systems Essay

Drawbacks of the Pipeline for Alberta Oil mining is the pillar industry in Alberta and building pipeline system is the most efficient way to transport oil into other areas. However, whether pipeline systems are appropriate technology has been debated for many years. Appropriate technology means the ‘technology that is designed with consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social,political, and economical aspects of the community it is intended for. ’ [1] Many people believe that the Conduit System pipeline is not appropriate technology. The reason is that though it is profitable , it decreases the motivation of developing new environmental-friendly power systems. Also some of the First Nations think it is so ridiculous to sell the precious resources which is given by our ancestors and nature. Moreover it is not a environmentally beneficial system. This paper will support the point of view that the conduit system is actually an inappropriate technology by illustrating examples in such three perspectives. In the first place,the project is certainly â€Å"a tremendous display of the short sighted thinking†[2] because it only thinks about the short-time economic gain without considering the environmental problems. Also the construction of Pipeline system decreases the motivation of developing new environmental-friendly power systems. Once the conduit system pipeline is built up,more and more companies would follow and build more of the pipelines, since it is a profitable and a most easy way to transporting oil. However, once the pipelines are set up, the companies has to run it rapidly, otherwise the construction cost would never be recovered. Under this situation, it limits the sustainable economy development . Thus the construction of pipeline system are strongly discommended. Furthermore, the conduit system pipeline leads to disagreements and conflicts with the Canadian society, especially between the First Nation and the government. Every individual and social group has their own belief and way of life. We do not support this pipeline project. We believed that the project has the potential to harm our environment ,as well as our way of life. We hope that our voice is heard and taken into consideration. †[3] said by the First Nations leaders. It contradicts the economy growth valued by the Conduit company, as well as the government, therefore confits appears. Therefore, it is obvious that the Conduit company pipeline would trigger dispute between First Nations and other social grou ps. Lastly, it is not environmentally beneficial for the human race to build the pipeline system in the long term. Oil spilling is a serious challenge for oil transporting industry, especially for long distance pipeline system. The Enbridge oil spill [4] is a strong example, over 190000 liters oil seeped out. The impact of oil spill is catastrophic. Carbon dioxide will be released to atmosphere increasingly, the green-house-effect will be more serious. At the same time the eco-system will be ruined, the fields can not be grown in 10 years or more. It is a disaster for both human and nature. â€Å"An oil spill from this pipeline will have major media coverage, which would effectively destroy Canada’s reputation. †[5] said the politician. Furthermore the oil of Alberta is non-renewable energy resource, it can not be produced in thousands years. Though the pipeline system is the most efficient way to transport the resources, what we can leave to our next generations if the oil is exhausted. Overall, it is obvious that the conduit system is actually not an appropriate technology for Alberta. According to the examples and analyses above, the pipeline system is a immature technology which creates social conflict,damages the planet and leaves even more environmental issues to the younger generations. [6] Consequently, the applying of the conduit system still needs more consideration. (1)Engineers Without Borders -Case Study Conduit Systems https://eclass. srv. ualberta. ca/mod/resource/view. php? id=551299 (2)http://www. cbc. ca/news/canada/story/2012/07/28/enbridge-wisconsin-spill-pipeline-closed. html (3)Engineers Without Borders -Case Study Conduit Systems https://eclass. srv. ualberta. ca/mod/resource/view. php? id=551299